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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Sample Questions (Q25-Q30):
NEW QUESTION # 25
What type of malware disrupted an emergency shutdown capability in safety systems?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Triton (also known as Trisis) malware specifically targeted and compromised Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), disabling the emergency shutdown capabilities at a petrochemical plant. This attack demonstrated that safety systems, once considered isolated and secure, are vulnerable to sophisticated, targeted cyberattacks. Neither Zeus, Stuxnet, nor WannaCry had this specific impact on emergency shutdown safety systems.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2007, Section 3.2.4; ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Section 4.2.2; Public incident reports and analyses of the Triton/Trisis attack (e.g., FireEye 2017 case study).
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following BEST describes 'Vulnerability'?
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to ISA/IEC 62443-1-1, a vulnerability is defined as "the potential for violation of security," which means a weakness or gap in protection efforts that could be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access or cause harm to an IACS. It does not specifically mean an event (B) or a result (D), and it is broader than just management flaws (A). The identification and management of vulnerabilities are key steps in risk assessment and mitigation in the 62443 framework.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2007, Section 3.3, Glossary ("vulnerability" definition).
NEW QUESTION # 27
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords inherently carry which of the followinq risks?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords are accounts and passwords that are used by more than one person to access a system or a resource. They inherently carry the risk of unauthorized access, which means that someone who is not authorized or intended to use the account or password can gain access to the system or resource, and potentially compromise its confidentiality, integrity, or availability. For example, if a multiuser account and password are shared among several operators of an industrial automation and control system (IACS), an attacker who obtains the password can use the account to access the IACS and perform malicious actions, such as changing the system settings, deleting data, or disrupting the process. Multiuser accounts and shared passwords also make it difficult to track and audit the activities of individual users, and to enforce the principle of least privilege, which states that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Therefore, the ISA/IEC 62443 standards recommend avoiding the use of multiuser accounts and shared passwords, and instead using individual accounts and strong passwords for each user, and implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms to control the access to the IACS. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course3
Shared passwords and multiuser accounts pose specific risks, notably unauthorized access and privilege escalation. In ISA/IEC 62443's framework, these practices are discouraged because they complicate the attribution of actions to individual users and increase the likelihood that accounts can be used beyond their intended scope. Unauthorized access occurs when individuals exploit the shared nature of an account to gain entry to systems or data that they should not access. Privilege escalation can happen when users leverage shared accounts to perform actions at higher permission levels than those assigned to their personal accounts.
Conversely, buffer overflows and race conditions are types of vulnerabilities or programming errors, not directly associated with the risks of multiuser accounts or shared passwords.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which standard is applied during the Assess phase for risk assessment?
Answer: D
Explanation:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-2 specifically describes the methodology for conducting risk assessments within industrial automation and control systems (IACS). This part of the standard provides guidance on identifying risks, assigning Security Levels, and making design decisions during the Assess phase of the IACS Cybersecurity Lifecycle.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Section 4 ("Cybersecurity risk assessment for system design").
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is defined as the hardware and software components of an IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to the ISA/IEC 62443-1-1 standard, an industrial automation and control system (IACS) is defined as a collection of personnel, hardware, and software that can affect or influence the safe, secure, and reliable operation of an industrial process. The hardware and software components of an IACS include the control system, which is the combination of control devices, networks, and applications that perform the control functions for the industrial process. The control system may consist of various types of devices, such as distributed control systems (DCS), programmable logic controllers (PLC), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, human-machine interfaces (HMI), remote terminal units (RTU), intelligent electronic devices (IED), sensors, actuators, and other field devices. The control system may also use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software and hardware, such as operating systems, databases, firewalls, routers, switches, and servers, to support the control functions and communication.
References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 1-1:
Terminology, concepts and models, Clause 3.2.11
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program, Clause 3.2.12
NEW QUESTION # 30
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